🚀

💻

🧠

SOFTWARE

IS CHANGING

(AGAIN)

Andrej Karpathy

The Evolution of Software

💻

Software 1.0

Traditional Programming

Explicit instructions written by humans in languages like Python, Java, C++

Deterministic behavior
Manual edge case handling
Limited by programmer foresight

🧠

Software 2.0

Neural Networks

Weights and parameters trained on data, not explicitly programmed

Data-driven development
Emergent behaviors
Generalization capabilities

💬

Software 3.0

Natural Language Programming

English is the new programming language

Accessible to everyone
Rapid prototyping
Democratized development

Neural Networks: The Living Code

From Code to Weights

Instead of writing if-else statements, we're training neural networks to learn patterns from data.

📝

Before: Write Rules

🎯

Now: Train Models

Programming in English

AI

Hello! I can help you write code using natural language. Try asking me to create something!

🤯 Mind = Blown

For the first time in history, natural language IS a programming language!

LLMs: The New Operating System

CPU

RAM

OS

I/O

Apps

API

LLM = CPU

The compute engine for language

Context = RAM

Working memory for problem solving

Prompts = Programs

Instructions in natural language

Tools = Syscalls

External capabilities and APIs

The Autonomy Spectrum

Manual

Human in control

Assisted

AI helps human

Autonomous

AI takes the lead

Current Level: AI-Assisted Development

The sweet spot where humans maintain control while AI amplifies capabilities

The Future of Development

ai-enhanced.py

                        
                        # AI-Assisted Development Example
                    
                        def generate_with_ai(prompt):
                    
                            """Human writes the spec, AI writes the code"""
                    
                            code = llm.generate(prompt)
                    
                            return human.verify(code)

✨ Generation

AI creates at superhuman speed
Explores solution space broadly
Never gets tired or bored

🔍 Verification

Human ensures correctness
Maintains quality standards
Keeps AI "on a leash"

Democratization of Software

Everyone is now a programmer

👶

Kids

👨‍🎨

Artists

👩‍🍳

Chefs

👨‍⚕️

Doctors

👩‍🏫

Teachers

Vibe Coding Example

Built MenuGem in one day without knowing Swift:

📸 Take photo of restaurant menu
🤖 AI generates food images
👀 See what you're actually ordering!

The hard part? Not the code - it was deployment, auth, and payments!

Building for the Agent Economy

📄 LLMs.txt

Like robots.txt but for AI agents

# LLMs.txt
site: example.com
description: E-commerce platform
api: /api/v2/
auth: Bearer token
rate-limit: 100/min

🔧 Agent-Ready APIs

Replace "click here" with programmable actions

❌ "Click the button below"

✅ `api.performAction()`

📝 Markdown Documentation

LLMs understand markdown natively

Stripe docs
OpenAI docs
Your docs?

🤝 Model Context Protocol

Direct communication channel for AI

                        mcp://your-service/v1/
                    

The Iron Man Principle

🦾

Build Iron Man Suits, Not Skynet

✅ Iron Man Suit

Human remains in control
Augments human capabilities
Can go autonomous when safe
Practical and buildable today
Fail-safe mechanisms

❌ Autonomous Robot

No human oversight
Unpredictable behavior
High risk of failure
Not ready for production
No safety guarantees

The Next Decade of Software

What an amazing time to enter the industry!

We're going to rewrite EVERYTHING

✨ New programming paradigms
🚀 Unprecedented productivity
🌍 Global accessibility
🧠 Human-AI collaboration

Let's Build the Future

1.0

2.0

3.0

AI

∞

🚀

Thank you for joining this journey

Andrej Karpathy | Software Is Changing (Again)